Expert System Industry In China

The expert system industry in individuals’s Republic of China is a quickly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China’s AI development began in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms stressing science and innovation as the country’s main productive force.

The preliminary stages of China’s AI development were sluggish and came across considerable challenges due to absence of resources and skill. At the starting China lagged many Western nations in regards to AI advancement. A bulk of the research study was led by researchers who had actually gotten college abroad. [1]

Since 2006, the federal government of the People’s Republic of China has actually progressively developed a nationwide program for expert system advancement and emerged as one of the leading nations in expert system research and development. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched its thirteenth five-year plan in which it intended to end up being a worldwide AI leader by 2030. [3]

The State Council has a list of “nationwide AI teams” including fifteen China-based companies, consisting of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation required] Each business should lead the advancement of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial acknowledgment, software/hardware, and speech acknowledgment. China’s quick AI advancement has substantially impacted Chinese society in numerous locations, including the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing are the leading industries that would be the most affected by further AI implementation.

The personal sector, university labs, and the armed force are working collaboratively in many elements as there are few current existing boundaries. [4] In 2021, China released the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, its very first nationwide law addressing AI-related ethical issues. In October 2022, the United States federal government announced a series of export controls and trade limitations meant to limit China’s access to sophisticated computer chips for AI applications. [5] [6]

Concerns have been raised about the effects of the Chinese government’s censorship routine on the development of generative expert system and talent acquisition with state of the country’s demographics. [7] [8]

History

The research study and development of expert system in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the value of science and technology for China’s financial development. [3]

Late 1970s to early 2010s

Artificial intelligence research and development did not begin till the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. [3] While there was a lack of AI-related research in between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars think this is because of the influence of cybernetics from the Soviet Union in spite of the Sino-Soviet split throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese scientists introduced AI research led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, during the time, China’s society still had a normally conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI advancement in China was difficult so China’s government approached these challenges by sending out Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and further supplying government funds for research tasks. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was established in September 1981 and was authorized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who got a PhD in viewpoint from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s first research publication on expert system was published by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, smart automation and intelligence have actually become part of China’s nationwide innovation strategy. [9]

Since the 2000s, the Chinese federal government has further expanded its research and development funds for AI and the variety of government-sponsored research study tasks has drastically increased. [3] In 2006, China announced a policy concern for the development of expert system, which was included in the National Medium and Long Term Prepare For the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), launched by the State Council. [2] In the very same year, synthetic intelligence was likewise pointed out in the l lth five-year plan. [11]

In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Expert System (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At exact same year, the Wu Wenjun Expert System Science and Technology Award was founded in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the highest award for Chinese accomplishments in the field of expert system. The first award event was held on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Expert System (IJCAI) was kept in Beijing, marking the very first time the conference was held in China. This occasion coincided with the Chinese federal government’s statement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a considerable turning point in China’s advancement of expert system. [12]

Late 2010s to early 2020s

The State Council of China released “A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the file, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council advised governing bodies in China to promote the development of artificial intelligence. Specifically, the strategy explained AI as a strategic innovation that has become a “focus of global competitors”. [14]:2 The document prompted significant investment in a number of tactical areas associated with AI and called for close cooperation between the state and economic sectors. On the celebration of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University wrote in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” between financial and military ends is an essential part to being a terrific power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”expert system plus” was proposed to be elevated to a tactical level. [16] The exact same year witnessed the emergence of several application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research laboratory in Nanjing, and introduced their very first AI expertise chip, Cambrian. [citation needed]

In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in partnership with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, released its first artificial intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]

In 2018, the State Council allocated $2.1 billion for an AI commercial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to achieve this the State Council stated the need for enormous talent acquisition, theoretical and useful advancements, as well as public and personal financial investments. [14] Some of the stated inspirations that the State Council provided for pursuing its AI technique include the capacity of expert system for commercial improvement, better social governance and keeping social stability. [14] Since the end of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI companies across fundamental, technical, and application layers, with related industries valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]

In 2019, the application of expert system broadened to different fields such as quantum physics, location, and medical research. With the introduction of large language designs (LLMs), at the beginning of 2020, Chinese researchers started establishing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal big design called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]

The Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence introduced China’s very first big scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283

In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Infotech, and the Ministry of Public Security collectively issued the guidelines concerning deepfakes, which ended up being effective in January 2023. [26]

In July 2023, Huawei launched its version 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]

In July 2023, China released its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposal on fundamental generative AI services security requirements, consisting of requirements for information collection and model training was provided in October 2023. [28]:96

Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government introduced its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Neighborhood of Common Destiny and intends to build AI policy discussion with establishing countries. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has expressed concern over AI security dangers, consisting of abuse of information or using AI by terrorists. [28]:93

In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda campaign of the Ministry of Public Security, started using news anchors developed with generative expert system to provide fake news clips. [18]

In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang released the AI+ Initiative, which intends to incorporate AI into China’s real economy. [28]:95

In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China announced that it rolled out a big language design trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]

According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s biggest LLM market share with 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in revenue over the in 2015. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the 3rd biggest. The 4th and 5th largest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong noted AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were applauded by investors as China’s new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI models had been approved by the Chinese government. [33]

Since 2024, lots of Chinese technology firms such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have launched AI video-generation tools to rival OpenAI’s Sora. [34]

Chronology of major AI-related policies

Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs

National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Infotech

Government goals

According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a Brand-new American Security, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the forefront of AI technology will be vital to the future of global military and financial power competitors. [35] By 2025, the State Council goes for China to make fundamental contributions to fundamental AI theory and to solidify its location as a worldwide leader in AI research study. Further, the State Council goes for AI to become “the primary driving force for China’s industrial upgrading and economic improvement” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council intends to have China be the worldwide leader in the development of expert system theory and innovation. The State Council declares that China will have developed a “mature new-generation AI theory and innovation system.” [14]

According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese government “looks for to combine state preparation and control while some functional flexibility for firms. In this context, China’s AI companies are hybrid players. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competition through domestic market protections, creating asymmetric benefits as they broaden offshore.” [36]

The CCP’s fourteenth five-year plan declared AI as a top research study priority and ranks AI initially among “frontier industries” that the Chinese federal government intends to focus on through 2035. [3] The AI market is a strategic sector frequently supported by China’s federal government assistance funds. [37]:167

Research and advancement

Chinese public AI financing primarily focused on innovative and applied research study. [38] The federal government financing likewise supported numerous AI R&D in the economic sector through venture capitals that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic company research study showed that, while China is enormously investing in all aspects of AI development, facial recognition, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and autonomous vehicles are AI sectors with the most attention and funding. [39]

According to nationwide assistance on developing China’s modern industrial development zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county picked as an experimental advancement zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative locations. However, the focus of AI R&D varied depending upon cities and regional industrial development and environment. For example, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong manufacturing market, greatly focuses on automation and AI infrastructure while Wuhan focuses more on AI applications and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech firms, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI laboratories. [25]:282

In 2016 and 2017, Chinese teams won the leading reward at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a global competition for computer vision systems. [41] A lot of these systems are now being integrated into China’s domestic monitoring network. [42]

Interdisciplinary partnerships play a vital role in China’s AI R&D, consisting of academic-corporate collaboration, public-private collaborations, and global partnerships and projects with corporate-government partnerships are the most common. [1] China ranked in the leading three around the world following the United States and the European Union for the overall variety of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic collaboration in between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the overall number of worldwide AI-related journal citations. [43] In terms of AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are generally sponsored by the government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence launched the world’s biggest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]

Since 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI scientists had completed their undergraduate research studies in China. [28]:101

According to scholastic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese government has actually been proactive in regulating AI services and imposing commitments on AI business, the general technique to its regulation is loose and shows a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI market. [28]:96 In July 2024, the federal government opened its first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]

Population

China’s large population generates a huge amount of available information for companies and scientists, which offers an important benefit in the race of big data. As of 2024 [update], China has the world’s biggest variety of web users, creating huge quantities of data for artificial intelligence and AI applications. [46]:18

Facial acknowledgment

Facial recognition is one of the most extensively utilized AI applications in China. Collecting these big quantities of information from its homeowners helps more train and expand AI capabilities. China’s market is not only favorable and valuable for corporations to more AI R&D but likewise offers remarkable financial prospective attracting both global and domestic firms to sign up with the AI market. The drastic development of the information and communication technology (ICT) industry and AI chipsets recently are 2 examples of this. [47] China has ended up being the world’s biggest exporter of facial acknowledgment technology, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]

Censorship and material controls

In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) provided draft steps stating that tech business will be bound to ensure AI-generated material supports the ideology of the CCP consisting of Core Socialist Values, prevents discrimination, respects copyright rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft steps, business bear legal duty for training information and content generated through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese federal government mandated that generative synthetic intelligence-produced content may not “prompt subversion of state power or the toppling of the socialist system.” [51] Before releasing a big language model to the public, companies need to look for approval from the CAC to certify that the model declines to address particular questions associating with political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions related to politically delicate subjects such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre or comparisons between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh need to be declined. [52]

In 2023, in-country gain access to was blocked to Hugging Face, a business that preserves libraries consisting of training information sets frequently utilized for large language models. [8] A subsidiary of individuals’s Daily, the official paper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, supplies regional companies with training data that CCP leaders think about allowable. [8] In 2024, the People’s Daily released a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]

Microsoft has alerted that the Chinese government uses generative synthetic intelligence to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking discussions on divisive political concerns. [54] [55] [56]

The Chinese expert system model DeepSeek has actually been reported to refuse to answer concerns relating to aspects of the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, comparisons in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]

Impact

Economic effect

Most companies [who?] hold optimistic views about AI’s economic effect on China’s long-lasting financial growth. In the past, traditional markets in China have actually had problem with the increase in labor expenses due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the release of AI, operational expenses are expected to minimize while an increase in performance produces revenue development. [60] Some highlight the value of a clear policy and governmental support in order to get rid of adoption barriers including expenses and lack of appropriately trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income workers may be the most negatively impacted by China’s AI development due to the fact that of rising needs for workers with advanced abilities. [61] Furthermore, China’s economic development may be disproportionately divided as a majority of AI-related industrial development is focused in coastal regions instead of inland. [61]

A prominent decision by the Beijing Internet Court has actually ruled that AI-generated content is entitled to copyright defense. [28]:98

Military impact

China seeks to build a “world-class” military by “intelligentization” with a particular focus on making use of unmanned weapons and synthetic intelligence. [62] [63] It is researching different kinds of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous vehicles. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military demonstrated an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 unoccupied aerial cars at an airshow. A media report launched later on revealed a computer simulation of a similar swarm formation finding and ruining a missile launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications indicated that China is likewise establishing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is largely affected by China’s observation of U.S. prepare for defense innovation and fears of a widening “generational gap” in contrast to the U.S. military. Similar to U.S. military ideas, China intends to utilize AI for exploiting large chests of intelligence, producing a common operating photo, and speeding up battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China’s response to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) method, which looks for to incorporate sensors and weapons with AI and a vigorous network. [65] [66]

Twelve categories of military applications of AI have been recognized: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, smart munitions, smart satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software, automated cyber defense software application, automated cyberattack software, choice support, software, automated missile launch software, and cognitive electronic warfare software application. [67]

China’s management of its AI environment contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In basic, few limits exist in between Chinese commercial companies, university research labs, the military, and the main federal government. As a result, the Chinese federal government has a direct methods of assisting AI advancement concerns and accessing technology that was ostensibly developed for civilian functions. To further enhance these ties the Chinese federal government developed a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is planned to speed the transfer of AI technology from commercial business and research study organizations to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese federal government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower expenses of information labeling to develop the big databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one price quote, China is on track to possess 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the prospective to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12

China’s centrally directed effort is purchasing the U.S. AI market, in business dealing with militarily pertinent AI applications, potentially approving it legal access to U.S. innovation and copyright. [69] Chinese endeavor capital financial investment in U.S. AI business in between 2010 and 2017 totaled an approximated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration issued an executive order to avoid foreign investments, “particularly those from rival or adversarial countries,” from buying U.S. innovation firms, due to U.S. national security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. innovations in which Chinese government has been investing, including “microelectronics, synthetic intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] innovative tidy energy.” [71] [72]

In 2024, researchers from the People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have developed a military tool utilizing Llama, which Meta Platforms stated was unapproved due to its model usage restriction for military purposes. [73] [74]

Academia

Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the very first academic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to embrace AI as a discipline, particularly since China faces obstacles in recruiting and keeping AI engineers and scientists. [21] Over half of the information scientists in the United States have been working in the field for over 10 years, while approximately the same percentage of information researchers in China have less than 5 years of experience. Since 2017, less than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused professionals and research study products. [61]:8 Although China went beyond the United States in the number of research papers produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its published documents, as judged by peer citations, ranked 34th worldwide. [75] China specifically desire to deal with military applications therefore the Beijing Institute of Technology, among China’s premier institutes for weapons research, just recently established the very first children’s academic program in military AI in the world. [76]

In 2019, 34% of Chinese students studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database maintained by an American thinktank, the percentage increased to 58% in 2022. [77]

Ethical concerns

For the past years, there are conversations about AI security and ethical concerns in both personal and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology released the first national ethical guideline, ‘the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code’ on the topic of AI with specific emphasis on user defense, information privacy, and security. [78] This file acknowledges the power of AI and quick innovation adaptation by the huge corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that human beings shall stay in full decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Expert system published the Beijing AI principles requiring essential needs in long-term research and planning of AI ethical principles. [79]

Data security has been the most common topic in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and lots of nationwide governments have developed legislation resolving information personal privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to address new obstacles raised by AI development. [80] [original research study?] In 2021, China’s new Data Security Law (DSL) was gone by the PRC congress, setting up a regulatory structure classifying all kinds of information collection and storage in China. [81] This implies all tech companies in China are required to classify their data into categories noted in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow specific standards on how to govern and deal with information transfers to other parties. [81]

Judicial system

In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program synthetic intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate conflicts connected to ecommerce and internet-related copyright claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court through videoconference and AI examines the evidence provided and uses relevant legal requirements. [82]:124

Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low punishments have actually been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are concerns about whether AI based on fragmented judicial information can reach unbiased choices. [83] Zhang Linghan, teacher of law at the China University of Government and Law, writes that AI-technology companies might wear down judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing celebration management, political oversight, and decreasing the discretionary space of judges are intentional objectives of SCR [clever court reform]” [85]

Leading companies

Leading AI-centric companies and start-ups consist of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI business iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have gotten attention for facial acknowledgment, sound recognition and drone technologies. [87]

China’s government takes a market-oriented method to AI, and has looked for to encourage personal tech companies in establishing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champions”. [25]:281

In 2023, Tencent debuted its big language design Hunyuan for business use on Tencent Cloud. [88]

New leading AI start-ups consist of Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were praised by investors as China’s brand-new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has actually also been promoted as a leading start-up. [89]

Assessment

Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s dedication to global AI management and technological competition was driven by its previous underperformance in innovation which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of embarrassment. [90] According to Zeng, there are traditionally ingrained reasons for China’s stress and anxiety towards securing an international technological dominance – China missed out on both industrial revolutions, the one beginning in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that came from America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s government desires to benefit from the technological transformation in today’s world led by digital innovation consisting of AI to resume China’s “rightful” location and to pursue the national restoration proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]

An article released by the Center for a Brand-new American Security concluded that “Chinese federal government authorities demonstrated incredibly keen understanding of the issues surrounding AI and global security. This consists of knowledge of the U.S. AI policy conversations,” and advised that “the U.S. policymaking neighborhood to likewise prioritize cultivating knowledge and understanding of AI developments in China” and “financing, focus, and a determination among U.S. policymakers to drive large-scale required modification.” [35] A short article in the MIT Technology Review similarly concluded: “China may have exceptional resources and enormous untapped potential, however the West has world-leading knowledge and a strong research culture. Rather than fret about China’s development, it would be smart for Western countries to focus on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research study and education. ” [91]

The Chinese government’s censorship routine has actually stunted the advancement of generative artificial intelligence [7] [8]

In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations wrote that the advancement of AI develops challenges for holistic nationwide security, consisting of the dangers that AI will heighten social stress or have destabilizing results on worldwide relations. [28]:49

Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics consisting of Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will cause greater injustice of employees and more major social issues. [28]:90 Gao cites how the development of AI has actually increased the power of platform business like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, causing higher capital accumulation and political power in fewer economic actors. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state ought to be the main responsible actor in the area of generative AI (creating brand-new material like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military use of AI dangers intensifying military competition in between countries which the effect of AI in military matters will not be restricted to one nation however will have spillover effects. [28]:91

Dialogues between Chinese and Western AI professionals about the existential danger from synthetic intelligence have actually taken location. [92]

Public ballot

The Chinese public is typically optimistic relating to AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 research study carried out throughout 28 countries discovered that 78% of the Chinese public believes the advantages of AI outweigh the threats, the highest of any nation in the research study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese university students found that 80% agreed or strongly concurred that AI will do more good than harm for society, and 31% thought it must be managed by the government. [93]

Human rights

The widely used AI facial recognition has raised issues. [94] According to The New York City Times, release of AI facial recognition technology in the Xinjiang area to detect Uyghurs is “the first recognized example of a federal government purposefully using expert system for racial profiling,” [95] which is stated to be “among the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have found that in China, locations experiencing higher rates of discontent are associated with increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment technology, particularly by regional municipal authorities departments. [97] [98]

Artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer
List of artificial intelligence companies
Regulation of artificial intelligence

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Further reading

Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.